Human VEGF Quantikine QuicKit ELISA

Human VEGF Quantikine QuicKit ELISA Summary

Product Summary

Precision

Cell Culture Supernates, Serum, EDTA Plasma, Heparin Plasma, Saliva, Urine, Human Milk

Recovery

Linearity

Product Datasheets

Preparation and Storage

Background: VEGF

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF or VEGF-A), also known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a potent mediator of both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in the fetus and adult (1-3). It is a member of the PDGF family that is characterized by the presence of eight conserved cysteine residues in a cystine knot structure and the formation of antiparallel disulfide-linked dimers (4). Humans express alternately spliced isoforms of 121, 145, 165, 183, 189, and 206 amino acids (aa) in length (4). VEGF 165 appears to be the most abundant and potent isoform, followed by VEGF 121 and VEGF 189 (3, 4). Isoforms other than VEGF 121 contain basic heparin-binding regions and are not freely diffusible (4). Human VEGF 165 shares 88% aa sequence identity with corresponding regions of mouse and rat VEGF. VEGF is expressed in multiple cells and tissues including skeletal and cardiac muscle (5, 6), hepatocytes (7), osteoblasts (8), neutrophils (9), macrophages (10), keratinocytes (11), brown adipose tissue (12), CD34 + stem cells (13), endothelial cells (14), fibroblasts, and vascular smooth muscle cells (15). VEGF expression is induced by hypoxia and cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, oncostatin M, and TNF-alpha (3, 4, 9, 16). VEGF isoforms are differentially expressed during development and in the adult (3). VEGF dimers bind to two related receptor tyrosine kinases, VEGF R1 (also called Flt-1) and VEGF R2 (Flk-1/KDR), and induce their homodimerization and autophosphorylation (3, 4, 7, 17, 18). These receptors have seven extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and an intracellular split tyrosine kinase domain. They are expressed on vascular endothelial cells and a range of non-endothelial cells. Although VEGF affinity is highest for binding to VEGF R1, VEGF R2 appears to be the primary mediator of VEGF angiogenic activity (3, 4). VEGF165 also binds the semaphorin receptor, neuropilin-1, which promotes complex formation with VEGF R2 (19). VEGF is best known for its role in vasculogenesis. During embryogenesis, VEGF regulates the proliferation, migration, and survival of endothelial cells (3, 4), thus regulating blood vessel density and size, but playing no role in determining vascular patterns. VEGF promotes bone formation through osteoblast and chondroblast recruitment and is also a monocyte chemoattractant (20-22). After birth, VEGF maintains endothelial cell integrity and is a potent mitogen for micro- and macro-vascular endothelial cells. In adults, VEGF functions mainly in wound healing and the female reproductive cycle (3). In diseased tissues, VEGF promotes vascular permeability. It is thus thought to contribute to tumor metastasis by promoting both extravasation and tumor angiogenesis (23, 24). Various strategies have been employed therapeutically to antagonize VEGF-mediated tumor angiogenesis (25). Circulating VEGF levels correlate with disease activity in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (26).

Related Research Areas

• Adipocytokines
• Adult Neurogenesis
• Airway Inflammation and Remodeling
• ALS Related Molecules
• Cancer Biomarkers
• Developmental Factors Implicated in Neurodegeneration
• HIF Transcription Factors
• Inflammatory Mediators
• Macrophage Activation Markers
• Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC)
• Platelets
• Preeclampsia
• VEGF Family
• VEGF Family Ligands