Recombinant Human GDF-3 Protein Summary
Product Specifications
Ala251-Gly364
Analysis
Product Datasheets
Carrier Free
CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.
In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.
5754-G3
| Formulation | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in HCl with BSA as a carrier protein. |
| Reconstitution | Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in 4 mM HCl containing at least 0.1% human or bovine serum albumin. |
| Shipping | The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
|
5754-G3/CF
| Formulation | Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in HCl. |
| Reconstitution | Reconstitute at 100 μg/mL in 4 mM HCl.. |
| Shipping | The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. |
| Stability & Storage: | Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
|
Reconstitution Calculator
Background: GDF-3
GDF-3 (previously called Vgr-2) is a TGF-beta superfamily member belonging to the growth/differentiation factor family (1, 2). GDF-3 is expressed in undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells, white adipose tissue and the brain (2-4). The 366 amino acid (aa) mouse GDF-3 contains a 22 aa signal sequence, a 230 aa propeptide and a 114 aa mature protein that contains one potential N-glycosylation site. The mature region contains a cysteine-knot structure that is conserved throughout family members. However, it lacks the fourth cysteine which is responsible for the formation of an inter-molecular disulfide bond, so GDF-3 may exist as a non-covalent homodimer (2, 5). Mature human GDF-3 shares 83%, 83% aa sequence identity with mouse and rat GDF-3. Most of GDF-3 is present as the uncleaved prepro form (6). The uncleaved and the mature forms both appear to have activity, but that activity may differ (5-8). All forms can oppose BMPs. In ES cells, inhibition of BMP2 signaling by GDF-3 maintains pluripotency (5, 7). GDF-3 also influences early cell fate decisions; for example, deletion of mouse GDF-3 produces defects in the anterior visceral endoderm of the pre-gastrulation embryo (6-8). GDF-3 cooperates with GDF-1 in embryogenesis, and the mature protein has nodal-like activity (8, 9). Although GDF family members signal through BMP receptors (ALK1, 2, 3 and 6), which activate Smads 1, 5 and 8, GDF-3 signaling through ALK4 and ALK7, which activate Smads 2 and 3, has also been reported (9, 10). In adipocytes, GDF-3 is induced by a high fat diet, promoting adipogenesis and obesity (3, 10, 11).
- Levine, A.J. and A.H. Brivanlou (2006) Cell Cycle 5:1069.
- Caricasole, A.A. et al. (1998) Oncogene 16:95.
- Wang, W. et al. (2004) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 321:1024.
- Hexige, S. et al. (2005) Neurosci. Lett. 389:83.
- Levine, A.J. et al. (2009) Dev. Biol. 325:43.
- Levine, A.J. and A.H. Brivanlou (2005) Development 133:209.
- Peerani, R. et al. (2007) EMBO J. 26:4744.
- Chen, C. et al. (2006) Development 133:319.
- Andersson, O. et al. (2007) Dev. Biol. 311:500.
- Andersson, O. et al. (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105:7252.
- Shen, J.J. et al. (2009) Mol. Endocrinol. 23:113.
Citations for Recombinant Human GDF-3 Protein
R&D Systems personnel manually curate a database that contains references using R&D Systems products. The data collected includes not only links to publications in PubMed, but also provides information about sample types, species, and experimental conditions.
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Targeting activin receptor-like kinase 7 ameliorates adiposity and associated metabolic disorders
Authors: M Zhao, K Okunishi, Y Bu, O Kikuchi, H Wang, T Kitamura, T Izumi
JCI Insight, 2023-02-22;0(0):.
Species: Mouse
Sample Types: Tissue Homogenates
Applications: Bioassay -
Functionally diverse heteromeric traps for ligands of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily
Authors: R Kumar, AV Grinberg, H Li, TH Kuo, D Sako, L Krishnan, K Liharska, J Li, R Grenha, MC Maguire, SD Briscoe, RS Pearsall, BR Herrin, RNVS Suragani, R Castonguay
Scientific Reports, 2021-09-15;11(1):18341.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Recombinant Proteins
Applications: Bioassay -
Network-driven plasma proteomics expose molecular changes in the Alzheimer's brain
Authors: PA Jaeger, KM Lucin, M Britschgi, B Vardarajan, RP Huang, ED Kirby, R Abbey, BF Boeve, AL Boxer, LA Farrer, N Finch, NR Graff-Radf, E Head, M Hoffree, R Huang, H Johns, A Karydas, DS Knopman, A Loboda, E Masliah, R Narasimhan, RC Petersen, Podtelezhn
Mol Neurodegener, 2016-04-26;11(1):31.
Species: Human
Sample Types: Whole Cells
Applications: Bioassay -
Soluble Endoglin Specifically Binds Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 9 and 10 via Its Orphan Domain, Inhibits Blood Vessel Formation, and Suppresses Tumor Growth.
Authors: Castonguay R, Werner ED, Matthews RG, Presman E, Mulivor AW, Solban N, Sako D, Pearsall RS, Underwood KW, Seehra J, Kumar R, Grinberg AV
J. Biol. Chem., 2011-07-07;286(34):30034-46.
Species: Human, Mouse
Sample Types: Recombinant Protein
Applications: Surface Plasmon Resonance
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