CD4+ T cell subsets exert diverse functions due to their expression of characteristic cytokines. T helper type 1 (Th1) cells constitute one subset of CD4+ effector T cells that promote cell-mediated immune responses against intracellular viral and bacterial pathogens. Th1 cells are characterized by the secretion of IFN-gamma, IL-10, and TNF-alpha. Although Th1 cells are critical for the clearance of intracellular pathogens, exaggerated Th1 responses are associated with autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and type 1 diabetes.
| Related Information Th1 Differentiation Interactive Pathway T Cell Subsets Poster T Cell Subsets Poster |
Differentiation of Th1 Cells
The development of the Th1 subset of CD4+ T cells is induced by distinct extracellular signals (e.g. IL-12 and IFN-gamma) and is controlled by distinct transcription factors (e.g. T-bet and STAT4). Th1 polarized cells are present in low abundance in normal human peripheral blood. In vitro differentiation of Th1 cells from the larger CD4+ T cell population provides increased numbers of Th1 cells to facilitate research into their functions.
The CellXVivo™ Human Th1 Cell Differentiation Kit (Catalog # CDK001) contains R&D Systems high quality cytokines needed for the differentiation of Th1 cells. Alternatively, individual cytokines or user-defined combinations of reagents can be used to generate these cells. The following protocol describes the use of the CellXVivo™ kit.
Reagent Preparation
Human Th1 Differentiation Media
- Reconstitute Human Th1 Reagent 1 with 250 µL of Reconstitution Buffer 1. This yields a 200X stock solution.
- Reconstitute Human Th1 Reagent 2 with 250 µL of Reconstitution Buffer 1. This yields a 200X stock solution.
- Add 50 µL of Human Th1 Reagent 1 and 50 µL of Human Th1 Reagent 2 to 9.9 mL of cell culture media (RPMI, 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 units/mL penicillin, 50 µg/mL streptomycin, 5% FBS, and 50 µM 2-mercaptoethanol).
Human CD3 Antibody
- Reconstitute the Mouse Anti-Human CD3 antibody with 150 µL of Reconstitution Buffer 2. This yields a 100X stock solution.
- Add 10 mL of 20X Wash Buffer to 190 mL of sterile deionized water to prepare 200 mL of 1X Wash Buffer.
- Just before plate coating, dilute the 100X antibody stock solution 100-fold with 1X Wash Buffer.
Protocol for Th1 Differentiation
- Coat the wells of a tissue culture plate with Mouse Anti-Human CD3 antibody. Click here for a graphic outline of this procedure.
- For a 24-well plate, add 250 µL/well of diluted anti-CD3 antibody. For a 96-well plate, add 50 µL/well of diluted anti-CD3 antibody.
- Incubate at 2-8 °C overnight.
- Wash the plate with 1X Wash Buffer twice before use.
- Isolate human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human blood using Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. See Leukocyte Preparation Protocol
- Isolate human naïve CD4+ T cells from human PBMCs using the MagCellect Human Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation Kit (Catalog # MAGH115) or a Human CD4+ T Cell Enrichment Column (Catalog # HCD43 or Catalog # HCD4C-1000). Click here for graphic illustrations of MagCellect and T cell column assay principles.
- Suspend human naïve CD4+ T cells at 1-2 x 105 cells/mL in Human Th1 Differentation Media.
- Add the cells to an anti-human CD3 antibody-coated plate. For a 24-well plate, add 1 mL/well. For a 96-well plate, add 0.2 mL/well.
- Incubate the cells in a 37 °C, 5% CO2 humidified incubator for 5 days.
- Verify successful Th1 cell differentiation by analysis of the cells with flow cytometry and analysis of the cell culture media with multi-analyte or single-analyte assays.
| Products for the Differentiation of Th1 Cells CellXVivo Human Th1 Cell Differentiation Kit Recombinant IFN-gamma Recombinant IL-12 Recombinant IL-27 Anti-CD3 antibody Anti-CD28 antibody Anti-IL-4 antibody |
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Differentiated Th1 Cells
Following cell differentiation, flow cytometry can be used to verify the expression of established cell surface or intracellular markers of CD4+ T cell subsets. Intracellular markers include transcription factors that control CD4+ T cell differentiation as well as signature cytokines as they traffic through secretory organelles.
Determine the percentage of differentiated cells by flow cytometry using the suggested reagents shown in the table below. To prepare cells for flow cytometry, wash the cells once with RPMI and resuspend them in 1 mL of RPMI, 2 mM L-glutamine, 10 units/mL penicillin, 10 µg/mL streptomycin, 10% FBS, 50 ng/mL PMA, and 1 µg/mL calcium ionomycin. Incubate the cells in a 37 °C, 5% CO2, humidified incubator for 1 hour. Then add monesin to a final concentration of 3 µM and incubate for an additional 3 hours.
Click here to view protocols for staining membrane-associated molecules or intracellular molecules (using either detergents or alcohol to permeabilize the cell membrane), please visit Flow Cytometry Protocols.
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Transcription Factor Antibodies |
Cytokine Antibodies |
Cell Surface Protein Antibodies |
| Related Information Flow Cytometry Supplemental Reagents Secondary Antibodies |
Sample Data for Th1 cells
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Figure 1. Verification of Th1 Cell Identity using Flow Cytometry. Human peripheral blood naïve CD4+ T cells before (A, C) and after (B, D) a 5 day differentiation using the reagents included in the Human Th1 Cell Differentiation Kit (Catalog # CDK001). (A, B) The cells were stained with an APC-conjugated Mouse Anti-Human IFN-gamma Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # IC285A) and a PE-conjugated Mouse Anti-Human IL-4 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # IC204P). (C, D) The cells were stained with an APC-conjugated Mouse Anti-Human IFN-gamma Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # IC285A) and a PerCP-conjugated Mouse Anti-Human IL-17 Monoclonal Antibody (Catalog # IC3171C). Quadrants were placed based on naïve CD4+ T cells activated with anti-CD3 antibody but not treated with Th1 Reagents 1 or 2. |
Multi-analyte Assay of Cell Supernatants
The culture medium from CD4+ T cell differentiation procedures should be analyzed to confirm that the cells are secreting cytokines relevant to the desired cell subset. Multiplex detection techniques enable efficient screening for many cytokines simultaneously. Both Proteome Profiler™ Antibody Arrays and Luminex®-based Flow Cytometry Assays are optimized for maximum specificity and sensitivity of analyte detection.
Proteome Profiler™ Antibody Arrays allow for the measurement of up to 119 proteins in a single sample. These arrays require no specialized equipment and eliminate the need for multiple Western blot experiments. Antibody array kits contain buffers, detection antibodies, and membranes spotted in duplicate with high quality capture antibodies. The arrays utilize chemiluminescence for detection, and membranes can be assessed for protein levels in the same manner as traditional Western blots. Select arrays are also suitable for use with the LI-COR® detection system. Click here for a generalized protocol or video on how to use these antibody arrays. Detailed array-specific instructions are provided in the booklet for each array kit.
Click here for data examples of the analysis of secreted human, mouse, or rat cytokines.
Proteome Profiler Antibody Arrays for Cytokine Detection
| Related Information Proteome Profiler Array Kits Troubleshooting Guide |
Luminex Screening and Performance Assays utilize color-coded polystyrene or superparamagnetic beads coated with analyte-specific antibodies. Beads recognizing different target analytes are mixed together and incubated with the sample. Captured analytes are subsequently detected using a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies and a streptavidin-phycoerythrin conjugate.
The Luminex Assay Customization Tool is designed to help you build the right Luminex assay for your research.
Polystyrene beads are designed for use with the Luminex 100™, Luminex 200, or Bio-Rad® Bio-Plex® dual-laser analyzers. One laser in the instrument determines the color of each bead while the second laser determines the magnitude of the phycoerythrin-derived signal, which is directly proportional to the amount of analyte bound.
Magnetic beads are compatible with Luminex MAGPIX®, Luminex 100, Luminex 200, and Bio-Rad® Bio-Plex® analyzers. The Luminex MAGPIX analyzer utilizes a magnet to hold the superparamagnetic microparticles in a monolayer while light emitting diodes illuminate and a CCD camera images each well.
Luminex Screening Assays from R&D Systems are designed to maximize multiplexing capacity and flexibility while maintaining assay specificity.
- Largest luminex multiplex available: simultaneously analyze up to 100 analytes
- Flexible analyte selection: choose from over 175 analytes
- Unique analytes offered: over 50 analytes are exclusively available from R&D Systems
- Rapidly expanding menu: new analytes are released monthly
- Polystyrene or magnetic options: all analytes are available in either the polystyrene or magnetic microparticle format
Luminex Performance Assays from R&D Systems are designed to maximize assay accuracy and precision while preserving the benefits of multiplexing.
- Accurate and reproducible results: panel development and validation testing are similar to R&D Systems gold-standard Quantikine® ELISA assays
- Polystyrene or magnetic options: select panels are available in either the polystyrene or magnetic microparticle format
- User-defined analyte selection: choose analytes from established panels and select “premixed” or “end-user mixed” options
- User-selected combinations of analytes can be assembled with our Luminex Assay Ordering Tool. The ordering tool walks you step-by-step through choices of screening or performance assays, polystyrene or magnetic bead formats, species options, and target analytes of interest.
- Our list of analytes for Screening Assays numbers more than 200 and is continuously growing. Please see our Luminex Assay Customization Tool for the current selection.
Data from the measurement of 158 analytes secreted by unstimulated and stimulated NK cells.
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Figure 1. A) Heat map showing the tested biomarkers. Colors correspond to high, mid, and low abundance. B) Quantitative comparison of biomarker concentrations between stimulated and unstimulated NK cells. |
Figure 2
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Figure 2. A) Heat map showing the tested biomarkers. Colors correspond to high, mid, and low abundance. B) Quantitative comparison of biomarker concentrations between stimulated and unstimulated NK cells. *The increased IL-12 levels in stimulated cells was due to addition of IL-12 during the stimulation procedure. |
Figure 3
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Figure 3. A) Heat map showing the tested biomarkers. Colors correspond to high, mid, and low abundance. B) Quantitative comparison of biomarker concentrations between stimulated and unstimulated NK cells. |
Luminex Performance Assay Panels
| Related Information Luminex Screening and Performance Assays Specialty Catalog |
Single Analyte Assay of Cell Supernatants
R&D Systems offers a wide variety of sandwich ELISA kits that are designed to provide high levels of specificity, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity in analyte quantification. They are available in a range of formats including colorimetric, fluorescence, and chemiluminescence-based kits for measuring intracellular and extracellular proteins.
Quantikine® ELISA kits have been exhaustively tested for superior quality and reproducibility. Kit performance relies heavily on the selection of high quality antibody pairs and rigorous in-house testing throughout the development process. This includes component and kit stability, sensitivity, linearity, recovery, intra- and inter-assay precision, as well as cross-reactivity and interference testing with related analytes to confirm assay specificity. This stringent validation testing is used to optimize assay performance and verify that each kit will provide reproducible results both well-to-well and lot-to-lot.
DuoSet® ELISA Development Systems contain the basic components required to develop an immunoassay. They offer an economical alternative to buying separate antibodies and proteins.
| ELISA Immunoassays for Th1 Cells IFN-gamma IL-2 IL-10 Lymphotoxin-alpha/TNF-beta TNF-alpha |
| Related Information ELISA Development Troubleshooting Guide |